| RHINE OCCUPATION IS IN FIRST STAGE Germany Has Placed Skeleton Formations in Wide Area and Barracks Are Lacking. PEOPLE ACCLAIM THE STEP Meanwhile, Across the Border in France, 50,000 Troops March to the Frontier. Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES. COLOGNE, Germany, March 8.— Although it had been common knowledge for some time that Ger- many’s military authorities had completed in detail all plans for the eventual reoccupation of the de- militarized zone in the Rhineland by the new German Army so that it needed only a high command to make the figures move, the main impression gained by your corre- spondent in the course of a rushed journey down the Rhine as far as Cologne yesterday afternoon and today is that the Rhinelanders have been stunned by the suddenness of the event. At the same time it would be a fallacy to imagine that anything like a substantial part of Ger- many’s fighting forces has been set in motion toward the Rhine and ‘Germany's western frontier dis- tricts or that for the last few days the whole territory has been re- verberating with the tramping of marching columns and the rum- bling noise of an endless chain of military by rail and road. Merely the First Stage. Thus far Germany has merely un- dertaken a demonstrative and sym- bolic action of no exceptional mili- tary value and has only completed what will probably be the first stage of the occupation. An announcement made by the official German news agency to the effect that by this evening nine- teen battalions of infantry and thirteen artillery sections will have occupied their new garrisons would appear roughly to correspond with what the writer has seen and heard yesterday and today in the three largest Rhine garrison cities —Cologne, Coblenz and Mainz. A doubtful factor in all estimates and calculations is the size of the artil- lery sections. The present strength of the three largest garrisons can be estimated at about 3,000 officers and men each, while the towns of Offen- bach, Hanau, Worms, Ludwigs- hafen, Mannheim, Speyer, Karls- ruhe and Offenburg should have about one or two battalions, rough- ly 600 men to each battalion and three battalions to one regiment. Places like Frankfurt-am-Main, Saarbruecken and Trier have only one or two companies. The total number of troops now in the former demilitarized zone should scarcely be more than 25,- 000. That is the size of an average soccer crowd in a big German city and it is spread over an area ex- RHINE OCCUPATION IS IN FIRST STAGE Continued From Page One. tending from the lower Rhine and the Rhineland proper to South- western Germany and the upper Rhine Valley, adjoining the Black Forest. Garrisons to Increase Later. The term regiment cannot be ap- plied as a measure of the size of garrisons at all as the garrisons thus far consist of a number of small skeleton formations that have been drawn from garrisons in other parts of Germany and that will gradually be developed and organ- ized to the size of the pre-war gar- risons by enlistments from the vari- ous classes of recruits called up in the future. The main obstacle in the way of a rapid increase for the present seems to be a lack of adequate bar- racks and other quarters as the old barracks had partly been de- molished, partly converted into flats and partly put to various other uses in recent years. The skeleton forces represent a whole variety of military categories —infantry, engineer, army service corps, light and heavy machine- gun, flame-thrower, light and heavy artillery and radio units. Many of these have been arriving through- out the day. Squadrons of the air force have been stationed at Co- logne, Frankfurt-am-Main and Mannheim. The troops had begun to move in the early hours of yesterday morn- ing. The first units quietly reached the neighborhood of the garrison towns on the Rhine before midday and crossed the Rhine bridges. Other garrisons were occupied later. It was the sudden appearance of air squadrons over Cologne and Duesseldorf before noon which marked the first sign for the Rhine- land populace that the historic hour had come. The inhabitants were taken completely unawares and before they had time to recover from their stupefaction the advance guards of the entering troops began to appear. Scenes the Same Everywhere. The scenes that followed were everywhere the same. No sooner had the news spread and been con- firmed over the radio than every house and other building in the gar- ‘rison town was covered with flags within a few minutes. : At Cologne the people rushed out of their homes, offices and fac- tories to meet their district’s first German troops in eighteen years. The whole Cologne police force had difficulty in holding back the crowds and keeping the way open for the troops. At 1 P. M. the soldiers came across the Hohenzollern Bridge, presenting a perfect picture of physical fitness and military eap- pearance. With smiling faces and decorated with flowers, they con- stantly exchanged greetings with the populace, rousing the people, who were packed in the Domplatz and at all the windows of adjoining hotels and buildings, to frantic en- thusiasm when they goosestepped past General von Kluge, comman- der of the Sixth German Army Corps, who took the salute. At 12:50 the first German war flag had been hoisted on the old government building opposite the railway station of Deutz, across the Rhine from Cologne. Public rejoicing continued through- out yesterday, ending with torch- light processions in several places. Today the towns where the main contingents of the new garrisons had arrived yesterday had a more normal appearance, there being lit- tle evidence of the military with the exception of small rear guard detachments that continued to come in. Everywhere, however—in trains, in the streets and in the restaurants and cafés, which were crowded— the public gave expression to its satisfaction that at last its long- cherished dream had materialized. This was not only because of its national and patriotic aspirations but because of the fact that busi- ness and commercial circles in the Rhineland towns and the western frontier provinces, which are re- garded as emergency and distressed areas, have for a long time been clamoring for the return of the garrisons, which for centuries had supplied a large section of the popu- lace with a livelihood. The radiant and complacent faces of many people seemed to reflect pleasant recollections of their mili- tary service and of garrison life in peace-time, but in the minds of some the sudden appearance of military forces in the Rhineland undoubtedly also conjured up thoughts of all the horrors they had gone through dur- ing the World War. The animated discussions among people of all classes on the whole did not reveal any real fear of a serious international conflict, but one question on the lips of every one was, ‘What will the others do now?" Every one here was convinced of the righteousness of Germany's cause and the Fuehrer was show- ered with words of the highest praise and admiration for his latest "diplomatic masterpiece," although the opinion could also be heard that in making his conciliatory offers to the western powers he might to some extent have been influenced by Germany’s difficult economic and financial condition. Thus far, however, the dramatic events of the last two days are con- sidered to have enhanced Ger- many’s national prestige. Once again they have made the whole German nation forget for a time its domestic troubles and complaints, ‘and there appears to be little doubt as to what the result of the plebes- cite March 29 will be. The New York Times Published: March 9, 1936 |
| NAZIS WOULD JUNK THEORETIC PHYSICS Einstein School Denounced for Trying to Impose a ‘Meas- ure of All Things.’ STUDENT STARTS DEBATE His Attack on ‘Jewish’ Science Seized Upon as Material for Anti-Semitic Campaign. By OTTO D. TOLISCHUS. Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES, BERLIN, March 8.—Six German professors, all winners of the Nobel Prize for physics, are now engaged in a public controversy on the is- sue, “German Physics vs. Jewish Physics.” This controversy which, signifi- cantly enough, is being fought out mainly in the Voelkische Beobach- ter, Chancellor Adolf Hitler's own newspaper, is part of great activity in all lines of “Kultur” stimulated by the highest authority. Nazi leaders, including Dr. Joseph Goeb- bels, Alfred Rosenberg and Bern- hard Rust, have been addressing mass meetings, such as only Nazis can organize, on the general topic of the National Socialist *Weltan- schauung’’ and “Kultur.” Vast sums have been spent on the production of classic drama in su- perlative style. Germany's best talents, even those formerly out- lawed, such as Paul Hindemith and Wilhelm Furtwaengler, have been mobilized to restore the pre-emi- nence of German music and opera, And since nothing interests the German public more than a fight, a whole series of politically in- noctlous controversies has been launched to demonstrate that hon- est minds can still clash in the Third Reich despite regimentation. Debates Cover Wide Range. One such controversy deals with the merits of modern German adaptation of Shakespeare's plays, with respect to which Dr. Goebbels has reserved for himself the réle of supreme arbiter. But the most in- teresting controversy is that of the physics professors, illustrating the extent of the confusion wrought, even in eminent minds, when sci- ence is combined with politics and racial’ mysticism. The exponents of ‘“German’’ phys- ics in this controversy are Pro- fessor Philipp Lenard, discoverer of “Lenard’s rays,” Nobel Prize winner in 1805 and now head of the Philipp Lenard Institute of Physics at Heidelberg, and Professor Jo- hannes Stark, discoverer of ‘the Stark effect,”” Nobel Prize winner in 1919 and president of the Ger- man Physics Institute and the Ger- man Research Association. Their opponents are Professor Max Planck, Germany's most emi- nent physicist, creator of the quan- tum theory, on which modern phys- ics is based, Nobel Prize winner in 1918 and director of the Insti- tute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Berlin; Professor Max von Laue, Nobel Prize winner in 1914, and Professors Erwin Schroedinger and Werner Heisen- berg, Nobel Prize winners in 1933. The controversy started when a student of physics, Willi Menzel, whose scientific attainments are still to be revealed to the world, but whose party orthodoxy appar-' ently is unchallenged, published a violent attack in the Beobachter: against Professor Albert Einstein and against all theoretical physi- cists as Jews or products of the Jewish spirit. No Nazi Physics, He Admits. He modestly admitted there was no National Socialist physics, but maintained that there was a ‘Ger- man’’ physics, which he defined as "experimental research into reality in inorganic nature caused by the joy of observing its forms of reac- tion. "Jewish" physics, as he de- fined it, "aims to make physics a purely mathematical thought con- struction, propagated in a charac- teristically Jewish manner.” The idea of using the purely scientific contrast between theoreti- cal and experimental physics for a National Socialist campaign against the Jews, however, is not original with Willl Menzel. It ig based on | the violent diatribes in the same! direction uttered repeatedly by Pro- fessor Lenard, who maintaing that science “is conditioned by race and blood," and by Professor Stark, who denies that theoretical science has any merit whatever and de- nounces "the Jewish propaganda that makéds Einstein the biggest scientist of all times and seeks to impose Jewish views as a measure of all things." Mr. Menzel's attack was an- swered by Professor Heisenberg, who declined to follow hia opponent into the field of political anti-Sem- itism, but confined himself purely to the defense of theoretical phys- ics, citing in particular Professor Planck as an authority, demon- | strating how through it new ex- periments had been stimulated, and above all their results had been co- ordinated and explained. This answer, however, was fol- lowed by a statement from Profes- sor Stark, commending Mr, Men- zel, expanding the attacks on Dr. Einstein to all those who support the Einstein ideas or methods, and concluding with a demand that their influence be excluded in de-. ciding future unlversity appoint- ments. In this controversy the weight of numbers and authority seems to be on the side of the theoretical physi- cists, but the “German’’ physicists are winning out because they have greater party orthodoxy on their side. The New York Times Published: March 9, 1936 |
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Russia claims to have taken full POKROVSK, Ukraine (AP) — Russia Russian Defense Minister Sergei There was no immediate confirmation Russia’s state news agency RIA As they surrendered, the troops The defense of the steel mill Russian authorities have threatened The steelworks, which sprawled The complete takeover of Mariupol Military analysts said Mariupol’s In other developments Friday, Russian forces shelled a vital The Kremlin had sought control Mariupol endured some of the A maternity hospital was hit Satellite images in April showed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Earlier this month, hundreds of As the end drew near at Azovstal, Olga Boiko, wife of a marine, wiped Natalia Zaritskaya, wife of another She said that two days ago, her While Russia described the troops Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser In other developments Friday: — Zelenskyy said Russia should Russia “would feel the true — The Group of Seven major — Russia will cut off natural gas — A captured Russian soldier — Russian lawmakers proposed a Heavy fighting was reported Serhiy Haidai, the governor of “The Russians are trying to cut Moscow’s troops have also been But he said the Russians took losses Another city, Rubizhne, has been ___McQuillan reported from Lviv. Stashevskyi |
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Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Soon to Announce “Even in Hitler’s Germany, you Mr. Kennedy later apologized, On Wednesday, Mr. Kennedy Vaccination is a singular public In 2021, the Center for Facebook and Instagram have Mr. Kennedy declined to be Family Backlash Mr. Kennedy, 69, is the third- His activism, and now his political Ahead of his White House His name and family reputation “The entire book is such a complete The Children’s Health Defense “Vaccine injuries can and do “There are no risk-free choices, A Movement Grows By his own account, Mr. Kennedy The anti-vaccine movement in But in 1999, after Congress But the move alarmed parents. As “They would say to me in a In 2005, Rolling Stone and Thimerosal is still used in “We had two huge tools to raise The anti-vaccine movement Mr. Kennedy points to such “He mainly focused on the Meeting With Trump The commission never came to How much Mr. Kennedy “The founders, specifically |